Origin and evolution of social behavior: case study on genus Ceratina (Hymenoptera: Apidae) |
Small carpenter bees of genus Ceratina are very suitable models for research of the origin and evolution of eusociality. Most of Ceratina species are solitary (Michener, 2007) and some are socially polymorphic (Sakagami & Maeta, 1989; Rehan et al., 2009). Socially polymorphic species belong to different unrelated clades of genus Ceratina (Rehan et al., 2009; Rehan et al., 2010). Social behavior therefore either must have arisen several times independently, or it represents original state for the whole genus and solitarity arised secondarily.
Ceratina chalybeaFemales of small carpenter bees of genus Ceratina nests in twigs with soft pith (Michener, 2007; Sakagami & Laroca, 1971). Bees firstly excavate burrow. Afterwards they provision cell by pollen and nectar. When they complete the provisioning of the cell, they oviposit and close the cell by septum. (Maeta et al., 1997). Bees usually provision about eight cells per life. After provisioning and oviposition females stay upstairs in burrow and guard offsprings against predators and parasites (Sakagami & Maeta, 1977; Rehan & Richards, 2010). This behavior is quite unique, because in most solitary species female provisions most of her life and the nest is unprotected from attack of predators and parasites most of the time. Parazitation can markedly reduce number of bee´s offspring (Vickruck et al., 2010). The failure of the whole nest because of usurpation by other Hymenoptera or Salticidae spiders, or predation of brood by Dermaptera (unpublished results) is very common. Marked female defending her nest by own abdomen and Salticidae spider usurping nest of CeratinaIf female is in the burrow after the completing of the cells and she blocks the entrance by her abdomen, predators and parasites can´t entry nest. Similarly social nesting significantly decreases probability of parazitation and total failure of nest, because nest is always protected by at least one female (Rehan et al., 2011). After new adults are hatched, mother feed them by pollen and nectar (Sakagami & Maeta, 1977). In some species young adults are fed not by mother, but by sisters (Sakagami et al., 1989). Females of some species are able to reuse nest. This ability is probably very important for social nesting, because most of nests inhabited simultaneously by more than one female are nests reused (Sakagami & Maeta, 1984, 1989; Rehan et al., 2010). Temperate species usually leave the nest and make new burrows for overwintering. (Sakagami & Laroca, 1971), but sometimes overwinter in natal nests (Rehan & Richards, 2010). Nest of Ceratina cucurbitina - on the left are fresh new adults, in the middle pupae and on the right larva and old adult femaleNest od C. chalybea with provisioned and epmty cellsIn some species more individuals are in some nests (Sakagami & Maeta, 1977; Rehan et al., 2010). Wilson (1971) stated three features of eusociality: reproductive division of labor, cooperative brood care and generation overlap. Published studies (Sakagami & Maeta, 1977, 1989; Rehan et al., 2010, 2011) indicate that eusociality occurs in some species of genus Ceratina. Females of social nests have usually different size of ovary (Rehan et al., 2010; Maeta & Sakagami, 1995). There are probably differences in reproductive success between females in some nest. There is probably overlap of generation, because females in some nest have distinctive differences in wing and mandible wear (Sakagami & Maeta, 1989). For quantification of proportion different types of social organization (eusocial, semisocial and quasisocial) are essential high resolution molecular marker. Azuma et. al. (2005) developed microsatellites for species Ceratina flavipes, but they are not sufficiently variable for assess relationship between individuals.
Literature: Azuma N., Takahashi J., Kidokoro M. & Higashi S. 2005: Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the bee Ceratina flavipes. Molecular Ecology Notes 5, 433–435 Danforth B.N. 2002: Evolution of sociality in a primitively eusocial lineage of bees PNAS, .99(1) 286–290 Fittkau E.J. & Klinge H. 1973: On biomass and trophic structure of the central amazonian rain forest ecosystem. Biotropica 5(1): 2-14 Foster K.R, Wenseleers T., Ratnieks F.L.W. 2006: Kin selection is the key to altruism. Trends Ecol Evol 21: 57–60. Fromhage L. & Kokko H. 2011: Monogamy and haplodiploidy acts in synergy to promote the evolution of eusociality. Nature communications, 2, 397 Hamilton W. D. 2010: Genetical evolution of social behaviour 1. J. Theor. Biol. 7,1–16 (1964) Hogendoorn K. & Welthuis H.H.W. 1999: Task allocation and reproductive skew in social mass provisioning carpenter bees in relation to age and size. Insectes soc. 46 198–207 Hughes W.0.H., Oldroyd B.P., Beekman M. & Ratnieks F.L.W. 2008: Ancestral Monogamy Shows kin selection is key of the Evolution of Eusociality. Science, 1213 320 Chenoweth L.B., Tierney S.M., Smith J.A., Cooper S.J.B. & Schwarz M.P.2007: Social complexity in bees is not sufficient to explain lack of reversions to solitary living over long time scales. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7:246 Kidokoro M., Azuma N., & Higashi S. 2006: Pre-hibernation mating by a solitary bee, Ceratina flavipes (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae). Journal of Natural History. 40(35–37): 2101–2110 Maeta Y & Sakakagami S.F. 1995: Oophagy and egg replacement in Artificially indices colonies of basically solitary bee, Ceratina (Ceratinidia) okinawana (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae, Xylocopinae), with a comparasion of social behaviour. Jpn.J.Ent., 63(2): 347-375 Maeta Y., Asensio de al Sierra E. & Sakagami S.F. 1997: Comaparatie studies on the in-nest behaviours of small carpenter bess, genus Ceratina (Hymenoptera,Anthophoridae, Xylocopinae) I. Ceratina (Ceratina) cucurbitina, part 2. Maeta Y., Asensio de la Sierra S., Sakagami S.F. 1997: Comparative Studies on the in-nest behaviors of small carpenter bees, the genus Ceratina (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae, Xylocopinae) I. Ceratina (Ceratina) cucurbitina, part 1 Jpn.J.Ent., 65(2): 303-319 Maynard Smith, J. & Szathmáry, E. 1995. The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford University Press, New York. Michener C.D. & Eickworth K.R. 1966: Observations on Nests of Ceratina in Costa Rica (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Rev. Biol. Michener C.D.2007: The Bees of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 953Pp Nomacs, P 2011: Monogamy and high relatedness do not preferintially favor the evolution of cooperation. BMC Evolutionary biology., 11(1) 58 Nowak, M. A., Tarnita, C. E. & Wilson, E. O. The evolution of eusociality. Nature 466, 1057–1062. Rehan S.M. & Richards M.H. 2010: Nesting biology and subsociality in Ceratina calcarata (Hymenoptera:Apidae) Can. Entomol. 142: 65-74 Rehan S.M. Ant Richards M.H. 2010: The Influence of Maternal Quality on Brood Sex Allocation in the Small Carpenter Bee, Ceratina calcarata Ethology 116 (2010) 876–887 Rehan S.M., Chapman T.W., Craige A.I., Richards M.H., Cooper S.J.B., Schwarz M.P. 2010: Molecular phylogeny of the small carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Ceratinini) indicates early and rapid global dispersal. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 1042–1054 Rehan S.M., Richards M.H. & Schwarz M.P 2010: Social polymorphism in the Australian small carpenter bee, Ceratina (Neoceratina) australensis. Insect. Soc. 57:403–412 Rehan S.M., Richards M.H. & Schwarz M.P. 2009: Evidence of Social Nesting in the Ceratina of Borneo (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of the Kansas entomological society. 82(2), 194–209 Rehan S.M., Schwarz M.P. & Richards M.H. 2011: Fitness consequences of ecological constraints and implications for the evolution of lociality in an incipiently social bee. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 57–67 Sakagami S.F. & Maeta Y. 1984: Multifemale nests and rudimentary castes in the normally solitary bee Ceratina japonica (Hymenoptera: Xylocopinae). Journal od Kansas Entomological Society. Vol. 57, No.4, 639-656 Sakagami S.F. & Maeta Y. 1977: Some preasumably presocial habits of Japanese Ceratina bees, with notes on various social types in Hymenoptera. Isect Sociaux, 24(4), 319-343 Sakagami S.F. & Maeta Y. 1989: Compatibility and incompatibility of solitary life with eusociality in two normally solitary bees Ceratina japonica and Ceratina okinawana (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) with notes on the incipient phase of eusociality. Jpn.J.Ent., 57(2): 417-439 Sakagami SF & Maeta Y 1987: Multifemale nests and Rudimentary Castes of "almost" solitary bee Ceratina flavipes with Additional observation on multifemale nests of Ceratina japonica (Hymenoptera:Apoidea). Kontyu, Tokyo 55 (3):391-409 Sakagami, S.F. & Laroca S. 1971: Observations on the Bionomics of Some Neotropical Xylocopine Bees, with Comparative and Biofaunistic Notes (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae) (With 59 Text-figures and 7 Tables). Journal of the faculty of science Hokkaido University, Series VI (Zoology) . 18(1): 57-127 Shiokawa M 1966: Comparative studies of two closely allied sympatric Ceratina bees, C. flavipes and C. japonica II. Nest structure. Kontyu 34(1): 44-51 Straka J., Bogusch P. & Přidal A. 2007: Apoidea:Apiformes (včely). Acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae, Supplementum 11, pp. 241-299 Strassmann J.E., Page R.E., Robinson G.E. and Seeley T.D. 2011: Kin selection and eusociality. Nature 471(7339) E5-E6 Tierney S.M., Smith J.A., Chenoweth L. & Schwarz M.P.2008: Phylogenetics of allodapine bees: a review of social evolution, parasitism and biogeography Apidologie 39 (2008) 3–15 Trivers, R. L. & Hare, H. 1976. Haplodiploidy and the evolution of the social insects. Science 191: 249-263. Trop. 14(2): 279-286, 1966 Turilazzi 1991: The Stenogastrinae in: Ross K.G. and Matthews R.W. The social biology of Wasps. Vickruck J.L. Hubber J.T. & Richards M.H. 2010: Natural enemies of the bee genus Ceratina (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Niagara region, Ontario, Canada. J. ent. Soc. Ont. 141: 11-26 Wilson E.O. 1971: The insect societies. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . 548 pp Wilson E.O. & Holldobler B. 2005: Eusocaility: Origin and consequences. PNAS 102(38), 13367-13371
|
Last Updated on Monday, 23 January 2012 14:18 |